Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
Volume:24 Issue: 3, Mar 2019

The aim of this study was to test the effect of TNF484 on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Various doses (0, 1, 10, 50, and 100 nM) of TNF484 were applied to the HepG2 and Bel7402 cells, and cell proliferation was measured by using 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay after 72 h. Cell migration rate was measured using the xCELLigence system, and the cell invasion ability was examined by the three‑dimensional spheroid BME cell invasion assay. The expression level of ADAM17 was also measured with RT‑PCR. With the treatment of TNF484, the cell proliferation of HepG2 and Bel7402 cells was inhibited in a dose‑dependent manner. Moreover, under TNF484 treatment, the cell migration rate as well as cell invasion ability of the HepG2 and Bel7402 cells were suppressed. TNF484 could inhibit the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of some HCC cell lines, making it a potential therapeutic option for liver cancer treatment.

Along with the growth of science and technology, the orthotics and prosthetics (O and P) have been changing since the past as a dynamic profession and the role of a specialist in O and P has also undergone a change due to needs of society and the growth of technologies. To illustrate the future direction of an educational system, it is necessary to have a trend analysis of what weaknesses and strengths have existed in the past and the present. In this analysis, two methods of scoping review and interview were conducted. For the purpose of scoping review, database searches of PubMed, ERIC, SID, and Web of Science in combination with a search on websites of key organizations, including universities, World Health Organization, and International Society of O and P were conducted. Various trends have been formed from different aspects in the health education system due to multifaceted nature of the O and P. The areas include health and education services, technology, curriculum, educational programs, and accreditation. The debate on monitoring and evaluation of O and P educational systems has been also developed along with the progress made in the training of O and P. The training of individuals by setting minimum standards leads to a professional competency in line and is considered as other issues arisen in the field of education; however, in recent years, improvements in this field have not been significant.

Weight loss is the cornerstone of NAFLD management, but weight maintenance is difficult. Some studies have suggested that n‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n‑3 PUFA) might have beneficial effects in NAFLD. We aim to compare the effects of a low‑energy diet with n‑3 PUFA supplementation on liver enzymes, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors in NAFLD. The study was a randomized controlled trial conducted in Urmia in Iran from October 2016 to May 2017. One hundred and fourteen eligible patients were randomly assigned to one of the three following groups: low‑energy diet group, n‑3 PUFA supplementation (fish oil) group (1500 mg/d), or control group for 12 weeks. Liver enzymes, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and body composition were assessed before and after the intervention. One hundred and four patients completed the study. All groups lost weight, but the reductions were greater in the diet group (−2.97 ± 2.79 kg, P = 0.001). The diet group had significant decreases in fat mass compared to other groups. Insulin resistance, total cholesterol, and low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased only in the diet group, and patients who lost weight ≥4% showed significantly larger decreases in serum liver enzymes. N‑3 PUFA had no beneficial effects on the study outcomes. We found that 1500 mg/d n‑3 PUFA supplied for 12 weeks, in contrast to 3.40 ± 2.98% weight loss, does not improve liver enzymes, body composition, and cardiometabolic risk factors in NAFLD patients.

Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) is mostly seen after head injury and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. We studied the risk factors for ASDH and the effects of these factors on mortality as well as on survival with 100 cases from the rural area of Anatolia region. One‑hundred cases of the ASDH that had been treated surgically between 2011 and 2014, at three different health‑care centers from the rural area of Anatolia region, were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data of patients, etiology, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) on admission, survival, presence of comorbid disease, unilaterality or bilaterality of the hematoma, and length of stay in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and/or neurosurgery clinic were recorded from the patients’ files. The total mortality rate was 34%. Age, etiology, GCS on admission, and laterality of the hematoma (unilateral or bilateral) affected the mortality rates (P = 0.005, P = 0.001, P = 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively). Advanced age, low GCS on admission, and bilaterality of the hematoma were related with high mortality rates (P = 0.005, P = 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively). The presence of comorbid disease and gender had no effect on patient survival (P = 0.299 and P = 0.861). The most important factors affecting the mortality rate were GCS on admission, etiology, age, and laterality of the hematoma in this study. Advanced age, low GCS on admission, and bilaterality of the hematoma were related with high mortality rates. Etiology had an important role in mortality rates, especially in the pedestrian injury group.

Environmental, genetic, and immunological factors may play a role in the pathogenesis of age‑related macular degeneration (AMD). In an attempt to better understand the pathogenesis of AMD, in this study, we evaluated the serum interferon (IFN) levels in patients with AMD and compared it with persons without AMD. In this case–control study, 42 patients with AMD and 42 healthy individuals (without AMD) were enrolled as the case and control groups, respectively. The two groups were matched regarding their age and sex. We classified the case group as dry‑type and wet‑type AMD. Blood samples were obtained and the serum was collected and frozen at −20°C. Alpha‑, beta‑, and gamma‑IFN levels were measured using the sandwich ELISA method and compared between and within the groups. The mean beta IFN levels in both case and control groups were 46.88 ± 27.25 pg/ml and 34.90 ± 18.81 pg/ml (P = 0.021), respectively. Regarding gamma and alpha IFN, the serum levels were not detectable in most of the patients and no significant difference was detected between the case and control groups. We found that serum beta IFN levels are higher in patients with AMD. This finding may have diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic value in AMD patients and can be a beginning for further evaluation.

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) is a common enteric pathogen that causes a wide spectrum of gastrointestinal infections, particularly in developing countries. This is a systematic review and meta‑analysis to determine the prevalence of DEC in various geographical regions in Iran. English (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) and Persian (IranMedex, SID, Magiran, and Iran Doc) databases were comprehensively searched from January 1990 to April 2017. Study selection and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. After assessing heterogeneity among studies, a random effects model was applied to estimate pooled prevalence. Data analyses were done with the Stata software (version 12.0). This meta‑analysis was registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42017070411. A total of 73 studies with 18068 isolates were eligible for inclusion within the meta‑analysis. The results of random effects model showed that the most prevalent DEC pathotypes were enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (16%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 11%–23%), enteroaggregative E. coli (11%; 95% CI: 8%–15%), atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) (11%; 95% CI: 8%–14%), Shiga toxin‑producing E. coli (9%; 95% CI: 6%–13%), diffuse adherent E. coli (6%; 95% CI: 6%–12%), enteroinvasive E. coli (4%; 95% CI: 2%–6%), and typical EPEC (3%; 95% CI: 1%–5%). This study showed that DEC infections in the Iranian population have low frequency. Our data suggest that the ETEC pathotype can be regarded as one of the most important etiological agents of diarrhea in this country. However, the prevalence of DEC pathotypes is diverse in different regions of Iran.

Histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma duboisii is an emerging AIDS-defning opportunistic infection in HIV positive seen predominantly on the African continent between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Histoplasma duboisii is an invasive fungal organism with tropism for lymph nodes, skin and bones. Te infection occurs more in patients with a CD4 count <50/mm3 and is usually dissemnnated Histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma duboisii is an emerging AIDS-defning opportunistic infection in HIV positive seen predominantly on the African continent between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. Histoplasma duboisii is an invasive fungal organism with tropism for lymph nodes, skin and bones. Te infection occurs more in patients with a CD4 count <50/mm3 and is usually disseminated. Literature reports of its occurrence in HIV negative patients are scanty. We report a case of histoplasma dubiosii infection of the left femur in a 9 year old HIV negative Nigerian with swelling in the left thigh of 5 months duration. Oral antibiotics and analgesics were prescribed for the patient with satisfactory clinical outcome. To our knowledge, this is the frst reported case in an immunocompetent child in Nigeria. Literature reports of its occurrence in HIV negative patients are scanty. We report a case of histoplasma dubiosii infection of the left femur in a 9 year old HIV negative Nigerian with swelling in the left thigh of 5 months duration. Oral antibiotics and analgesics were prescribed for the patient with satisfactory clinical outcome. To our knowledge, this is the frst reported case in an immunocompetent child in Nigeria.